Neorealism in The Bicycle Thie Essay Example For Students

Neorealism in The Bicycle Thie Essay Another fine case of neorealism is The Bicycle Thief (1948), composed by Cesare Zavattini and coordinated by Vittorio De Sica. The account of this film unfurls in post-W.W.II times. The film is a picture of the post-war Italian impeded class (the dominant part) as they continued looking for confidence. It is a period of battle for the Italian individuals, intensified by a deficiency of work and absence of social services.In the primary scenes of the film, these conditions are obvious as Antonio Ricci (Lamberto Maggiorami) meets his companion Maria (Lianalla Carell) on his way back home. We see the men contending at the work office as the ladies contend about the deficiency of water. Despite the fact that the executives cynicism drives the plot, it is at last the conflict with human confidence which gives this film full of feeling power. Antonios new position can bring his family new expectations and bliss, which are radically demolished when his bike is taken. The trite conditions are enlivened when it is understood that an unassuming bike is such a significant component in deciding the future endurance of the Ricci family. Human idealism is there, starting with Antonios fervor when he gets his bicycle from the pawn shop, and the following morning when the family happily cooperates before setting out for work. These scenes contain the guarantees that a humble activity can bring and the respect and pride of having the option to again work inside Italian culture. The encapsulation of this dignity is indicated when Antonio and his child Bruno (Enzo Staicca) both grin at Maria as they venture out from home. Sense of pride and all the related qualities, for example, pride, poise, unobtrusiveness and respect are significant in Italian culture. Witness Bruno, whom at a youthful age, works all day at a service station. Brunos commitments to the Ricci family make him a man and strip him of his blamelessness. Having the option to work is an idealistic undertaking which Bruno wholeheartedly takes part in. The catastrophe isn't Antonios past two years of joblessness it is that he has no future in his new position, because of the robbery of his bicycle. Antonio must face this catastrophe with no open help other than his companion Baiocco. Baioccos ability to help with his companions and his idealistic reaction to Maria comprise another instance of human hopefulness. This type of confidence plagues the film with Antonios persistence and assurance to discover the taken bicycle. These occasions animate the watchers brain to consider arrangements identified with Antonios circumstance, maybe to attem pt to take care of issues of post-war Italy, for example, wrongdoing, starvation, medical problems, day to day environment, and so forth.; ills that have influenced society at that point and now around the world. Antonios disappointment of missing the criminal for a subsequent time powers the sadness in proceeding with his inquiry. He endeavors to overlook his difficulty by getting himself and his child a supper and a liter of wine. The eatery scene mirrors the Italian Sunday convention, as the more prosperous families went out to get themselves a café and delighted in the Sabbath. Here we see the difference, among Antonio and Bruno and the remainder of the eatery customer base. This connotes the last feast before a somber Monday, where indeed Antonio will end up without a bicycle and without work. In any case, positive thinking is available as they examine the potential pay his work can bring. Antonios trusts are depleted. Pushed by distress and a touch of wine, he endeavors to take a bicycle. This stupid demonstration places Antonio in a much all the more embarrassing circumstance, as he is trapped in the demonstration and put under resident capture. This scene is another presentation of human idealism, when the proprietor of the bicycle, seeing little Brunos tragic articulation, excuses Antonio and permits him to go free. A definitive message of human good faith is Bruno. He is striking, yet not in his discourse as much in his outward appearances. Brunos love for his family and his acknowledgment of his dad subsequent to seeing the endeavored burglary are commendable. The character of Bruno assumed a basic job in this film, connoting the immaculateness of affection and comprehension in the midst of preliminary. The last scene shows Antonio and Bruno in massive enthusiastic agony, strolling among a detached arena swarm. In any case, the scene, albeit absolutely a miserabl e one, additionally depicts good faith as Brunos acknowledgment and backing for his dad: Bruno strolls next to his dad holding his hand, as his dad sobs tears of misery. At long last, Love is human good faith.

My Second Home free essay sample

Over this past summer, I headed out to Ireland. The long plane ride over merited seeing the moving slopes and excellent green sections of land by and by. After I showed up and settled in, I did what I generally do. I strolled down the old homestead streets to the Atlantic sea, to take in the radiant perspective on my new yet recognizable environmental factors. As I sat on the rough bluffs, with the breeze in my hair, I couldnt help however feel that I was at last home. Both my Mother and my Father, left Ireland at age eighteen, due to the absence of chance. They settled to another life in America, where my siblings and I were conceived. Consistently from that point forward, my folks have gone back, carrying my siblings and I with them, to open us to our Irish culture and legacy, and visit family. Venturing out to Ireland consistently has started my enthusiasm for world travel and seeing new societies. We will compose a custom exposition test on My Second Home or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It has truly helped me become acquainted with who I truly am. In spite of the fact that I was conceived and gone through the greater part of my time on earth in America, I feel as though a dominant part of who I am, is a result of my time spent in Ireland. Ireland holds a portion of my most valuable beloved recollections. Regardless of whether I was going through long days with my cousins looking for leprechaun gold, or composing verse about the Emerald Isle while sitting on the Cliffs of Moher, I had an essential encounter. Ireland additionally holds the individuals I care about most, my family. Seeing them consistently, carries tears to my eyes, as a result of how much time we spend separated; yet it never takes us long to make up for lost time. All their inviting grins and their vital appearances, just persuade me further, that Ireland is the place I have a place. Obviously every mid year, there comes the day which I should leave my loved ones. Tears are shed by everybody as we attempt to make the second last, yet we know too well that, every single beneficial thing must arrive at end. My tears dry when I understand that I can generally recall the summers and grin realizing Ill consistently have a home in Ireland.

The Federalist Number Ten Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Federalist Number Ten - Essay Example First procedure proposed by Madison is wiping out the reasons for groups. Second, Madison gives a proposition including controlling the impacts of groups in a popularity based society. Dispensing with the development of groups in the general public might be in two different ways. The main reasonable alternative is dispensing with freedom that licenses groups to shape or creating comparative intrigue. The subsequent choice is to debilitate the interests and feelings in individuals to control the impacts of groups (Hamilton, 2006). As indicated by Madison, the causes to groups are impracticable to take out. Accordingly, the most-plausible system is controlling the impacts of groups in a majority rule society. A minority group in an unadulterated vote based system presents unimportant danger since it is anything but difficult to outvote and smother it. Unexpectedly, the larger part group has capacity to control the legislature totally. In this way, adjustment is important to any majority rules system to shield the minority from abuse by minority. As indicated by Madison, permitting residents to make their laws advances the danger of advancing personal circumstance to the detriment of open interests. In such circumstances, greater part society individuals abuse the minority to further their potential benefit (Hamilton, 2006). James Madison affirms that residents have diverse personal circumstances, and each general public structures groups that occasionally hurt individual residents. The Articles of Confederation never controlled the antagonistic impacts of groups on the countries successfully provoking the need for another administration. Madison infers that a differing country controlled by the greater part can flourish in the event that it factors a reasonable thought for all. Madison, J. (November 23, 1787). The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection. The Federalist Papers No. 10. Recovered from

Quantitative Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quantitative Decision Making - Essay Example Choice examination additionally settles on supervisors know which choices are supportive of their organizations and which can conflict with the advantages of the organizations. â€Å"An compelling dynamic procedure lessens the chance of wrong decisions or failures† (Ilyas). Let us take a model identified with my expert field. I am a team lead at an equipment organization. The organization offers a wide range of equipment items to the clients. A couple of months prior, I chose to supplant all old style items with most recent ones so as to accomplish elevated levels of benefits and to make the organization style situated. I had in my psyche that the company’s deals could be expanded by giving the clients new and most recent styles rather than old ones. Be that as it may, I didn't consider the proportion of high-pay individuals to low-salary individuals while taking the choice. In addition, I didn't utilize six stages remembered for the procedure of quantitative dynamic. I n this manner, the choice didn't bring about kindness of the organization and we endured significant lessening in the benefits. I figure I ought to have done a review of the market before taking the choice. Alongside that, I ought to have recorded every single imaginable option in regards to the choice. I ought to likewise have determined the normal benefit of every mix of choices and results.

Writing Assignment On Poem Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney - 825 Words

Writing Assignment On Poem Mid-Term Break by Seamus Heaney (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessors NameCourseDateMid-term Break Poem AnalysisThe poem Mid-term Break by Seamus Heaney talks about the poets brother who was knocked dead by a car at the tender age of four. It is immensely moving because the speaker opts to focus on the reactions of his parents. This conveys how shocking it was for the small boys family. Although in most cases, it is not advisable to equate the persona to the poet, in this case, both are one and the same person as Heaney indeed suffered from losing his little four-year-old brother. In this poetry analysis, I seek to determine how the reader is affected by order details in the Mid-term Break, the significance of imagery in the poem to the reader, and ascertain the reason why the speakers emotion and matter of fact tone is an important aspect of the poem.The poem starts with statements devoid of emotions, stating facts. The persona then goes on to describe the general sense of emotional discomfort in the presence of stranger s. At this point, the sentences become more complex. As the poet reaches the point where he is alone with his dead brother, there is a general feeling of calm, serenity even. This calmness is, however, poignant in nature. The manner in which the poet arranges details within the day is worth noting. The poet delays articulating his brothers death, and at the beginning, the reader cannot pinpoint what has gone wrong. Moreover, the brother arrives as an unidentified corpse. This arrangement of detail presents the poets state of mind upon receiving the tragic news. Right from the point when we meet him, waiting in the sick bay, the speaker is in strong denial, even when he arrives home, hes yet to embrace the death of his younger brother. It is only upon spending some time with the body of his brother that he seemingly accepts the inevitable.The poem is profoundly poignant because of its controlled tone and restraint of emotions. The speaker opts to focus on observed details which accum ulate thus making the poem quite memorable. The poem begins with a line which could easily be used to describe the day of any boy. The second line, however, presents an atmosphere which is downright foreboding: . . . Counting bells knelling classes to a close, (Heaney 985, LL 2). The word knell has been used instead of the tolling of a bell. This deliberate usage forebodes something sinister happening because it is mostly associated with the sound made by a funeral bell. Usually, the noise of a school bell is not associated with death, but this was different for the poet on this tragic day. Alliteration and rhyme are also used to lay emphasis on the poems sad tone. The C and I sounds together with the internal rhyme in bells and knelling aid in conveying the idea of time slowing down in grief. The poet is driven home by a neighbor; this could either express their poor economic status or the circumstantial inability of the parent to be present.The second stanza focuses on the emotion al response of the poets father who we are told is crying. This being despite the fact that his father has always been stoic during funerals. The loss of his four-year-old son is unbearable to the father who would usually offer consolation not unlike Big Jim Evans (Heaney 985, LL 6) who offers solace to the bereaved family by saying that it was A hard blow (Heaney 985, LL 6). There is a probable pun in this statement because, on the one hand, it refers to the emotional impact dealt on the family, on the other hand, it relates to the actual impact from the car.There is yet another contrast in stanza three; the baby is joyful on seeing his older brother after so long. The childs innocence in the wake of grief is presented in the line: . . . The baby cooed and laughed and rocked the pram, (Heaney 985, LL 7). The powerful rhythm in the line directly contrasts the measured pace in the opening stanza. The oddity of the situation in the following lines: By old men standing up to shake my h and, . . . (Heaney 985, LL 9-10). The poet is mortified by this unwitting role reversal where old men treat him with respect. They awkwardly tell him how sorry they are for his trouble. The alliteration in the line Whispers informed strangers I Was the eldest (Heaney 985, LL 11) accurately presents the muted atmosphere within the house.The poet then presents his mother grieving in lines 12-13 (Heaney 986). This implies that his mother has shed enough tears but is still incensed by the loss of her son. There is a present time reference in line 14 showing h...

Donnes A Valediction of Weeping - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"A Valediction of Weeping† embodies John Donne’s ability to unite form and content in the beauty and intricacy of his metaphysical conceits. By closely interpreting these conceits, or complex extended metaphors, the reader is able to appreciate and understand many underlying themes of sorrow and consolation within the lovers’ parting. The word â€Å"valediction† means to bid farewell, whereas the word â€Å"of† adds an ambiguity to the meaning of the title. While this could be literally translated as â€Å"a tearful goodbye†, the â€Å"of† also suggests that the lovers in this poem are attempting to bid farewell to the act of weeping. This lyrical poem serves as a passionate expression between lovers separating for a period of time as the nautical imagery suggests that the speaker is embarking on a voyage. Donne structures the farewell essentially by exploring the intensity of their relationship and the means in which the speaker attempts to comfort his lover. The multiple meanings behind his metaphors, use of spherical imagery, and varied versification all contribute to the overall complexity of the lovers’ farewell.The structure of complex extended metaphors Donne utilizes is reflective of the lyric itself. The content of the poem is demonstrated through many different spherical images. The word â€Å"sphere† implies a type of heavenly perfection and clearly Donne has centered his metaphors on these spherical images in a way to idealize the relationship between these two lovers. The â€Å"tears† as â€Å"coins† immediately present their expressions of love as something meaningful on Earth, as they contain mintage. However, by using images that are spherical, Donne is implying that their love has a heavenly meaning as well. The word â€Å"Pregnant† furthers the image of roundness and makes their multiplying tears seemingly positive as products of their deep affection for o ne another. The â€Å"round ball† and â€Å"globe† idealize how the lovers are each other’s worlds. This idea of spheres can be extended by understanding that they experience the circle of life—creation and destruction—within the worlds contained in their tears. This concept is furthered by the round imagery of the final stanza: the â€Å"moon† and â€Å"sphere†. Here the lovers are fulfilling the destructive aspect of the circle in that she may drown him by her influence—which is described as being more powerful than the moon on the tides—and that their sorrows may be the cause of their destruction. The idealization of their love is an attempt for the speaker to soothe his lover and end her weeping as they are preparing to separate.The lyric begins with the request that the speaker may â€Å"pour forth† his feelings. The word pour implies his inclination to both express himself freely and allow himself to cry. Hi s lover is also described as crying as her face â€Å"coins† his tears. Just as a monetary coin bears the stamp of a face, so does her face reflect his tears. Here Donne introduces his first metaphysical conceit by comparing their tears to â€Å"coins† and â€Å"stamps†. His tears are meaningful only because they bear her â€Å"stamp† and thus demonstrate her return of affection. Furthermore, her tears give his own a â€Å"mintage† by giving his love and sorrow a worth. This demonstrates how the speaker is attempting to comfort his lover by giving her an exaggerated power. By suggesting that she has the ability to determine his worth, he is trying to console his lover in this time of parting. As they cry together and their tears mix, Donne makes a metaphorical connection between their tears and being â€Å"pregnant†. He is demonstrating that just as pregnancy is a creation between two people, their tears are intermingling and bear the  "fruits† of their love. Not only are the tears products of their love, but are â€Å"emblems† of their subsequent sadness at parting. As the tears fall from their eyes, unfortunately so will the two lovers into sorrow because the love that they share will be lost when they are apart on a â€Å"divers shore†.The middle stanza continues Donne’s circular imagery suggesting a heavenly perfection. It begins with the central metaphor in reference to mapmakers creating a globe from a â€Å"round ball†. Together, the two lovers are mapmakers in their own right as they can create their entire world within each tear. Just as a globe would be meaningless without countries, without each other, the lovers’ tears would be useless. Together they are â€Å"all†. The worlds that they contain in their tears are everything to the speaker and when their tears mix, hers â€Å"overflow† his world in sadness. This conceit marks another instance of Don ne’s use of spherical imagery in the connection between the lover and her ability to both create and destroy. He reassures his love that she has given the speaker his â€Å"heaven† and the effect of their separation will be great enough to dissolve it.After speaking about an Earthly globe, Donne enters into the final stanza in describing a lunar globe, offering another image of round perfection. He claims the lover to be â€Å"more than moon†, implying that just as the moon has the power to draw the tides, so does she in drawing out the speaker’s own tears that will drown his world. Here, Donne makes a literal parallel between her ability to drown him in her tears and the sea’s ability to overtake his voyage ship. He pleads for her not to teach the sea her destructive ways and that he is able to escape harm from the natural elements on the journey he is about to take. This hyperbolic imagery serves as a way to soothe the lover from her weeping. As the speaker returns to the current scene between the two lovers crying he requests that they stop exhausting their emotions in tears. Here the speaker adds to the complexity of their farewell by giving his lover definitive control over his own life. The speaker implies that they are one as they â€Å"sigh one another’s breath† and share the same life. As they exhaust their emotions by sighing, they are breathing out each other’s life. Her tears become almost cruel as she is killing him with her sadness. The longer they remain in this sorrowful weeping, the more they are emotionally hurting one another. It is important to recognize that the form of the poem represents the passion of the speaker. Each verse is drastically varied and thus implies a sort of dramatic vivacity. Donne often intermixes very short lines with much longer ones and this form gives a heightened feeling of emotion. This ebb and flow of feelings adds to the complexity as it parallels the reali stic ambivalence the lovers feel towards their short period away from each other. Often it seems the shorter lines also serve as a passage from the introduction of the conceit to the actual conceptualization. In the first stanza, â€Å"For thus they be / Pregnant of thee†, connects the metaphor of coining their tears to the tears being actual products of the lovers (l.5-6). In the second stanza, â€Å"So doth each tear, / Which thee doth wear†, carries the conceit of the lovers as mapmakers into their created worlds being contained within each tear (l.14-15). The final stanza bears the lines â€Å"Let not the wind / Example find†, to connect the lover’s ability to drown him both emotionally and physically with the speaker’s plea that they not destroy each other with their emotions (l.23-24). Donne seems to use these shorter lines in a way to suspend the reader within his original idea, the actual feeling, and then flow into a conclusive meaning. â €Å"A Valediction of Weeping† uses seemingly unrelated concepts metaphorically in its portrayal of two lovers sharing a sorrowful farewell. Much of John Donne’s poetry displays his mastery of metaphysical conceits in his attempts to express emotional meaning using very unusual metaphors. This particular lyrical poem, for instance, draws from areas of economy, cartography, and astronomy in the conceits that portray the passionate affection between the two lovers. He further utilizes round imagery in an attempt to conjure a heavenly perfection in the lovers’ relationship. In suggesting the perfect wholeness of their love, the speaker is attempting to comfort the lover and end her weeping. Consolation lies in the exaggerated power his metaphors have given her and the also in the poem itself. Simply by creating such a lasting work of art in tribute to their farewell, the lover may find reassurance of his affection and bring an end to her tears. â€Å"A Valediction of Weeping† is a beautifully complex poem that utilizes metaphysical conceits, spherical imagery, and lively versification to demonstrate an intense expression of love and sorrow within a lovers’ goodbye.

`` Happy Endings `` By Margaret Atwood - 1537 Words

There’s Something About Mary While researching texts written about happiness in romantic relationships, I found a few authors who wrote about happiness in relationships, particularly in online articles. These authors often paired happiness with communication, support, and life skills, and discussed how people in relationships settle for happiness in this day and age. However, while these authors discuss research, social views; i could not find much discussion about happiness in romantic relationships, but many of the articles were knowledgeable, and presented key points as to whether people in romantic relationships were actually happy. Although many relationships stand the test of time, the people in the relationships aren’t always happy, and often feel stagnant or complacent. Social relationships, communication, domesticity, success, and society and culture are often the cause of relationships ending. Personally, I feel happiness in relationships doesn’t exist due to communication, or a lack ther eof. Margaret Atwood used plot-line in order to develop the theme of her short story, Happy Endings. The short story is comprised of six sections, the name of the characters doesn’t change, but their scenario does; each section bearing some similarity to the other while offering a different scenario. Section one, is a vague description of the life of John and Mary. Atwood considers this to be a â€Å"happy ending†. Mary loved John, but John didn’t love Mary, he just used her for sexShow MoreRelatedHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood951 Words   |  4 Pages Margaret Atwood writes a short story titled â€Å"Happy Endings†. The authors choice of words for the title can be misleading because of the contrary of the actually text. The title of the text could seem sort of juvenile if one was judging the complexity of her text from her title. Which goes back to the saying â€Å"Don’t judge a book by it’s cover†, and in this case it would be taken m ore literal. The first 3 lines of her text are: John andRead MoreHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood1024 Words   |  5 Pagesshould not worry about what happens when one’s life come to an end but worry more about making the most with the time that they are given. Margaret Atwood’s metafiction â€Å"Happy Endings† explores Emerson’s ideas that the ending to something should not matter. It should matter how that ending came to be. In â€Å"Happy Endings† Atwood writes tales that all have the same ending. All the stories have a common theme of a boy, a girl, and love. In the tale â€Å"B† the girl falls in love with the boy, but he is a terribleRead MoreHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood889 Words   |  4 Pageswaiting for them alongside their children. So no matter how you view it, most endings are the same, especially in the short story â€Å"Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood. She especially depicts each type of relationship and how there are multiple possibilities, but always aim for the classic and perfect route A. Now I’ll start by explaining the perfect route A, which leads to a quote on quote happy ending. With this ending, everything seemingly follows a straight path where everything goes exactly asRead MoreHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood1228 Words   |  5 PagesRecord English 101-073 25 September 2014 Essay 1 In Margaret Atwood’s, â€Å"Happy Endings,† the author writes about the nature of life. Throughout the short story, Atwood describes ‘happy endings’ through six different scenarios, which are all based around the characters, John and Mary. At the end of each scenario, the ending is all the same â€Å"John and Mary die. John and Mary die. John and Mary die† (Atwood, 1984). Within the six different scenarios, Atwood describes how life is not what we expect to be,Read MoreHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood896 Words   |  4 Pagesthe right decision, following the right path or what my mission on earth is. â€Å"Happy endings† by Margaret Atwood provides the reader with six diverse descriptions of four characters resulting in â€Å"the only authentic ending †¦ John and Mary die† (Atwood 515). In â€Å"Happy Endings† the reader is encountered with contrasting stories of John and Mary. On section A John and Mary live a happy â€Å"stimulating and challenging† life (Atwood 514) they don’t encounter major worries until they eventually die. On sectionRead More`` Happy Endings `` By Margaret Atwood934 Words   |  4 Pageslife and happy endings. Margaret Atwood, the author of the short story â€Å"Happy Endings†, has her own opinion about what she thinks about fairy tales and happily ever after. This idea contributes to a real life scenario about important life events. Atwood emphasizes the idea that happy endings doesn’t exist in today’s society even though fairy tales differ from this. â€Å"Happy Endings† is not like any other short story. It begins with a story labeled A, which is supposed to be the ultimate happy endingRead MoreHappy Endings By Margaret Atwood1785 Words   |  8 PagesA Real Ending Happy endings are made for children that can t handle the harsh reality that is life. For the majority of the readers that can understand this situation, endings are rarely happy and are usually sad, depressing, or just lackluster. Margaret Atwood and her short story Happy Endings point out the truth of stories and show an effective way to write a story at the same time. With the use of imagery, symbolism, and wordplay, Atwood changes the meaning and feeling of her story. As well,Read MoreMargaret Atwood s Happy Endings1447 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment that comes within, which notably can be portrayed in Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Happy Endings†. In her metafictional short story, Atwood includes six different scenarios that are labeled A to F, which briefly describes the characters’ lives, ultimately ending with death. Moreover, the names of characters recur in each scenario, referencing one another throughout the entire short story. Particularly when Atwoodâ⠂¬â„¢s short story â€Å"Happy Endings† was published, people noticed that she was questioning genderRead MoreMargaret Atwood s Happy Endings875 Words   |  4 PagesConventional myth suggests the idea of life, love and a happy ending, usually includes getting an education, finding a mate, getting married and, preferably, a good job, having interesting hobbies, buying a house, having kids, retiring and heading off into the sunset. But what if convention isn’t the only way to a happy ending? Or what if the stereotypical idea of love isn’t so happy after all? In â€Å"Happy Endings†, Margaret Atwood describes the lives of Mary and John in six ways. The story of MaryRead MoreAnalysis Of Happy Endings By Margaret Atwood1891 Words   |  8 PagesCourse: Instructor: Date: Moral in Happy Endings by Margaret Atwood Atwood uses â€Å"Happy Endings† in identifying and explaining the type of ending fictional stories should have and why. Works of fiction should have a happy ending which Atwood terms appealing to our ethical nature and therefore moral. Atwood provides a number of stories that implies different endings. However, the ending in the first story is referred in all other stories as the befitting ending. Atwood acknowledges the desires of works